Unusual words and names of people and places, at least on their first occurrence in the dictation, as context does not give you help with those. Words in phrases that end up out of position may need the help of a vowel. One or both of pairs of Distinguishing Outlines.
If you know you have written an outline badly or wrongly, you may only have time to insert a vowel or two, rather than rewrite the outline. All the horizontal and downstrokes are paired, thick and thin, to match the related sounds of voiced and unvoiced. No thick stroke is ever written upwards, Thick and thin refers to the width of the line and not the lightness or darkness of the colour, although the thick lines may end up being darker in colour because it takes pressure to form them.
The outlines here were written with blue ink in a shorthand pen with flexible nib, and therefore the thick strokes appear darker because of the pooling of the ink. Pencil outlines may also show variation between grey and black. Black ink should produce much less variation in shade. Some older books refer to shading which should not be taken literally but is a description of the overall appearance of the marks.
No basic stroke represents more than one sound. A stroke can have other consonants added to it by various means e. A vertical dash vowel, e. The only time the pen writes upwards is while completing a circle or hook.
Some dash vowels may sometimes have an upward slant when written to curves. There is no stroke or sign that is written straight upwards in its basic form; however, the halved Ess is written upwards in certain situations being a halved stroke and therefore similar to writing half of a Circle Ses, part of which would necessarily have to be written upwards : educationist expressionist impressionist OUTLINE This is the shorthand form for a word, before the unattached vowel signs are added.
Write the strokes one after the other, joining them end to end, without stopping at the angles, lifting the pen or going back to thicken or correct any part. All the strokes must be completed before inserting any further dots, dashes, vowel signs or intersections.
Each stroke must be written in its correct direction. A few strokes have alternative directions in which they may be written, in certain circumstances. Advanced writers often find other uses for proximity in their phrases, enabling them to leave out obvious words: I am confident, in control Packing your shorthand outlines tightly together along the line is not a good idea, as proximity is meaningful in certain circumstances.
The only time to do that is when you are running out of paper in an emergency or writing that time-honoured secret shorthand postcard that the postman cannot read! Alternative methods are used in the following combinations: a Three similar straight strokes in succession — break up the outline, use the hyphen sign if it helps: pop-up cake-cutter Where a halved or doubled straight stroke would not make an angle with other strokes in the outline: popped Babette judged cooked dotted fact factor liked bonnet A succession of all up- or downstrokes: 3 is maximum, 4 should be avoided to prevent the outline invading the line below or above, causing delays and interference.
One might get away with 4 downstrokes if it started above the line, but these start already through the line. I would suggest breaking the words up — this gives the advantage that you can place both parts in position to indicate the vowel.
This is also relevant for many words where it is not settled in usage whether it is one word, hyphenated or two words. You should write a reliable and convenient outline, and make a separate decision on how it should be transcribed. An outline without its vowels is not considered incomplete. Dictionaries always show all the vowels. Dot "con-", dot "-ing" and dash "-ings" are considered part of the outline, in the same way as joined diphthongs, and, unlike the unattached vowel signs, they should never be left out, except when using proximity for "con-".
Adding or omitting unattached vowels is a choice that is left to the writer. You should always include those vowels that you think will help you read the shorthand. If you always write in all the vowels, your speed will be severely hampered, and you should endeavour to omit all but the essential ones.
When dictation slows right down or there is a breathing space, it is tempting to go back and put in all the vowels. It is up to you how much to vocalise, and whether the extra time taken is working for or against you. If you think you might have to read back, having extra vowels in will reduce the stress. Putting them in at every opportunity is not a helpful habit if you wish to attain good shorthand speed — the two are incompatible.
However, it is a good exercise to undertake periodically, so that you revise and consolidate your knowledge of them. Position writing is dependent on knowing your vowels thoroughly and you should not leave them out because you do not know what they are or where they go. You should make lists of such vocabularies in your line of work and decide where you need to consistently insert the vowels. Single outlines that have little or no context, such as headings or lists.
Proper names i. Context does not help with proper names. Such outlines should also be as full as possible and not make use of short forms. Clashing or very similar pairs see Distinguishing Outlines page. If the outlines are the same, you can generally omit the vowel in the common one and always put the vowel in the less common one, thus reducing your overall writing.
Compile your own lists as you come across them, and let none escape, considering the damage or embarrassment they are capable of. In the heat of rapid dictation, you may have to create an outline in an instant. You know it is not the dictionary outline, but you must write something. The vowels will help you read it back, but the offending outline should be looked up and drilled to prevent a recurrence — keep a notebook so that you can practise them.
Each pen lift approximates to writing a stroke, so avoiding a pen lift by phrasing saves time. Phrasing is generally for sets of words that are frequently found together, or is used to mirror the way words are naturally grouped in normal speech: Dear-Sirs Thank-you for-your-letter that-we-have- re ceived yest erday ev en ing yours-si n cerely Tick "the" is always joined and therefore it always makes a mini-phrase. Phrasing is an extremely useful tool, with endless possibilities for time saving and many of its own abbreviation methods.
The ink line forming the phrase was called a "phraseogram" in the early days of shorthand, out of a desire to give every new concept its own terminology, allowing the systems to be described and taught with exactitude. It is normal nowadays to just use the word "outline" to cover any shorthand ink line, and "phrase" covers either the outline or the set of words being represented by it.
They are also necessary to insure the system against the inevitable distortion of handwritten outlines versus the drawn perfection on the textbook pages. The system is geared to having the best possible outlines for high-speed writing and reliability. Producing the minimum number of rules or the slimmest possible textbook is not a priority in New Era.
Incorporate any abbreviating devices available and suitable. Insert the vowel signs. If the resultant outline violates "facility, legibility, lineality" then decide on a better outline.
Some outlines depart from the normal rules because of the extreme convenience and brevity gained. The rules are really just a way of describing how the outline choices were made, thus helping the student understand what is going on. Understanding requires intelligence but no great effort and is infinitely better than memorising, which is inefficient, painful and discouraging. As long as the initial understanding is followed by lots of writing practice, memorising is totally unnecessary and redundant.
Seeing a page thick with rules can be very daunting, but if you learn the example outlines thoroughly, they themselves will speak volumes to you and in far less time and space than the lengthy chapter they were presented in.
They enable you to spot a bad combination simply by instant mental comparison with known good outlines. Every shorthand writer does this when correcting a dubious outline that has been dashed off.
If you have an understanding of why the choices of outline were originally made, you will be better informed to make your own choices when you need to decide on the outline for a new word without recourse to a dictionary — either it is not in there, or you do not have access to the book.
Until the publishers see fit to reprint Pitman's Shorthand dictionaries and bring them up to date, being able to do this is becoming ever more important for shorthand writers. You do not need to know all the niceties of the theory when first learning, but the more you know, the better you will be able to write new words, either ones not in the dictionary or when no dictionary is available.
To aspiring high-speeders they are a never-ending toolbox for further creative abbreviation. Some textbooks advise knowing all the rules and applying them perfectly in order to write good and fast shorthand, but I disagree strongly with this. When writing shorthand, your outlines will of course embody the rules, but you will never be thinking of the rules — either the outline jumps to mind or it doesn't, and you must move on in the next fraction of a second.
If you need to make up an outline during dictation, you will still not be thinking of the rules, you will be basing your new outline on one you already know. Shorthand outlines are visual and further learning and consolidation should concentrate on that, writing and seeing them constantly on the page and associating the spoken sound with them.
Perusing the rules is for when you are sitting in your armchair at home, correcting faulty outlines by consulting the shorthand dictionary or textbook, and wondering why the outline looks like it does. For the learner, the outlines are the food, your understanding of the rules are the knife, fork and spoon that shape the meal and help it go down. When you are out and about using what you have assimilated, the cutlery stays at home! There are no thick versions of circle or loops.
They must be written in the correct circular motion i. They are read first and last in the outline, or that section of the outline, with the stroke and its various vowels, hooks, halving, etc coming in the middle.
If the word starts or ends with a vowel, strokes must be used instead. May be added to short forms and contractions. May form part of phrases. Ensure to close the circle or loop so that it does not look like a hook. Ensure to take the circles right round so they do not look like loops. When used medially, circles will not always be exactly circular, they will take on distortions, see adjustment and chisel below as examples of this.
When this occurs, do not mistake them for loops — medial loops are always followed by a sharp change of direction, see masterpiece in table above, something circles never do. The outline gives no indication of this, unless vocalised. In this respect the Circle S differs from the R and L hooks which generally represent a compound consonant e. PL and PR. Theoretically, circle is extra small and the hook remains its normal size; in practice the hook generally needs to be ever so slightly larger to avoid ink blobbing, and the circle can be flattened into a tiny loop it is not a Stee loop which are never used inside hooks.
Do not let your small hooks grow in size and get confused with the larger hooks Shun, and L Hook on curves. In many cases a medial hook can be shown as well, with the circle following the motion of the hook: bicycle express listener display miscreant unschooled inscrutable Small Shun Hook: Circle S, and Circle S following N hook, can both be followed by the small shun hook composition compensation decision condensation transition Top of page With R Hook and N Hook to straight strokes: On a straight stroke, the R or N Hook is closed up to make a circle.
Medial circles use the direction that is most convenient, so the direction cannot be reversed to indicate any hooks, unlike at the beginning and ends of strokes apart from the necessity to choose the direction for legibility, it would also not be clear whether the plain circle, if so used, meant an N Hook on the first stroke, or an R Hook on the second stroke : prosper destroy district excursion corkscrew If there is a vowel after the N sound, use stroke En so that it can be vocalised. The presence of the stroke N lets you know there is a vowel, so vocalisation is normally unnecessary: bones bonus, tens tennis, chines Chinese, mines minus The combination S-CH-R is not found standing alone in any English word, therefore this outline is used for the stroke downward Hay.
Should such a combination appear in a new word or name, it would be have to be written with stroke Ar after the S-CH, or stroke Ess plus Cher if the word began with a vowel. However, this sequence of sounds can be written in the middle of a word, providing the S is shown inside the hook, thus avoiding clashing with the downward Hay: beseech beseecher Abraham Circle S can be added to final Stee and Ster loops and Circle SES: posts posters exercises Top of page Read first and last In case of difficulty, mentally remove the circle and then read the outline correctly, before mentally adding the S back in: pray spray, upper supper, play splay, apple supply, pint pints, dove doves, roof roofs fund funds, amount amounts, nine nines, inner sooner, ever sever Dot "con-" dot "-ing" and dash "-ings" are read first and last, if present: strict constrict, strain constrain, some consume, dance dancing, rinsing rinsings Top of page When not to use Use the stroke Ess or Zee when: a there is an initial vowel before the S, or a final vowel after it.
Top of page Why Circle S and Ses include the Z sound The S sound can change into the Z sound in plurals and genitives, but when it does, it is not changing the word into a different word.
The longhand has solved the problem, in only using the letter Z and sometimes letter C, to show othe difference. The shorthand has partly solved this problem in a similar manner, with the aim of writing words briefly and reliably, rather than strictly phonetically.
Shorthand does not always preserve the basic outline when forming derivatives, but as plurals and genitives cover so many words, the advantages of allowing Circles S to do duty for both S and Z sounds outweigh the disadvantages. Suggestion for advanced writers: if you have constant trouble in your line of work with certain pairs of outlines, you can choose to use stroke Zee finally for Z-words as long as you are aware this it is not an official outline but you may wish to indicate that there is no following vowel, by using a short vertical line parallel to the stroke, or some other mark of your choosing.
Such idiosyncracies should be strictly limited by necessity, and given very careful consideration before adoption. As always, keep a note of your departure from the normal rules. You cannot adopt any such method if you wish to teach shorthand!
Two initial S sounds should be shown with the full stroke Ess followed by Circle S. This makes an easier outline and logical derivatives, as the formation of an angle is avoided, its place being taken by the circle. The derivatives will generally keep the stroke Ess, but Circle Ses is sometimes used where it is more convenient e. The outlines are distinctive with Circle Ses, and therefore they do not need to use the stroke S: exercise exercising, success successful, emphasise emphasised Note: sixes and sexes might need vocalising; exorcise is distinguished by the use of stroke Zee Top of page Basic words with vowel other than short E can use the Circle Ses: crisis analysis hypothesis Words like those above form their plural by a change of vowel.
It would be good practice to omit the singular vowel, and always insert the plural one: crises hypotheses Some of these types of words have identical plurals and verb endings in longhand, although pronounced differently, so vocalising the Circle Ses may be helpful: Noun: diagnosis diagnoses Verb: diagnose diagnoses Noun: analysis analyses Verb: analyse analyses If the accent falls in different places, you can indicate this by adding a small cross next to the vowel. This method is useful for many pairs of words where the nouns and verbs have different syllables accented.
As the words are generally spelled identically, this merely aids comprehension of the text as you read your shorthand back, especially important if reading back in situ, with all eyes on you. My personal suggestion is to replace the vowel — the position of the cross lets you know what the vowel might be, and other vowels should not be necessary. When written medially it is impractical for it to be followed by a hooked stroke.
In brief, the short vowel sound as in "pen" is not indicated in Circle Ses, as it is the most common, but any other vowel between the S-S may be written inside the circle. Never vocalised, as there is no vowel to show. The vowel that follows it is placed against the stroke. When used with stroke Ell, the initial hook that would normally form "Wel" becomes redundant: ell well swell, low wallow swallow It never combines with the hook on stroke Yay or Way.
If such a word arose, it would probably best to start the outline with Circle S on Way, followed by the appropriate strokes or diphone.
Someone who is swayed might be a swayee? If you lived in the town of Swaye, maybe you could be travelling Swaye-wards? People do make up words and the shorthand writer has to write them, whether they are in the dictionary or not.
Do not be tempted, in a confused moment, to use Circle Sway for these types of words where the sound is SKW: square squash squiggle Face shorthand learning square on, squash the problems and master the squiggles!
See Theory 2 Vowels page for vowel placement for strokes that have loops. Stee represents the sounds ST, and also ZD finally. No vowel comes between the S and T sounds. Stee can be used at the beginning, middle and end of an outline. Ster can be used in the middle and end only. Read first and last. The name Stee is for convenience only, any vowel can come before or after it. The name Ster does approximate to the vowel it contains i. There are no thick versions.
Can be combined with R and N Hooks on straight strokes, but no other hooks. Can be followed by Circle S. Keep the final part flattened so that it does not look like Circle S. Ensure it is closed so that it does not look like a hook. A medial stee loop never crosses the outline. There is always a vowel sound between initial Stee loop and the stroke. The R Hook is used in these cases because the vowel before the R sound is indeterminate: stopper stutter stitcher stager sticker stagger With N Hook on straight strokes The stroke with its N Hook are read first, and the ST read last.
Keep the final part flattened so that it does not look like Circle Ses. Ensure the loop is closed that it is does not look like Shun Hook. It is not used on halved or doubled strokes. However, writing one outline is quicker than writing two. Attempting to lear alone is not advised and will lead to errors in their use. They are similar size to C up. These unused combinations may be employed when creating hook may serve to represent a whole word e.
Shun for "association". L is shown by an anticlockwise hook written at the beginning of the stroke. As hooks are never written outside the curve, the difference has to be shown by having a larger hook: flow fly evil Ethel camel tunnel bushel essential Sher is always written downwards and Shel always upwards, so they can never be mistaken for each other: pusher specialise, fisher official, fresher freshly polisher palatial, finisher initial, harsher Herschel but harshly There appears to be no word that contains ZH-L with an slurred vowel, but should one occur, it would never be written upwards, as it is a thick stroke.
That combination of sounds would probably is best written using the full stroke Ell. This is never shown and the outline is fully correct without it. With the R hook, this is generally the "-er" sound equivalent to 2nd place light dot , hence the 2nd position of the outline. Such vowels are indicated somewhat differently from normal, by circles and intersected dashes, and their placement. As no vowel needs to be written between the syllables, using the hook results in a briefer outline: perfect perceive purchase persuade pearl parcel pilgrim journey vortex culminate garnish carnage furnish Care with "per-" needs to be taken, because there are many similar words starting with "pre-" and "pro-".
This is because, although the hook is written between the strokes, the R or L that it represents is spoken after the stroke, i. They cannot clash with Ar Rer Ess Zee because of the presence of the hook — see zither below which has both strokes together. Most words with that combination use stroke Ell see below. No known examples of the voiced THel. Reversed Forms, R Hook a One stroke outlines The reversed form provides a means of vowel indication: left curve if there is a vowel or "dot con-" before, right curve if not.
Where the outline starts with an L hooked stroke, the left curve is always used. This includes those with a "dot con-". This matches with the L hook on straight strokes, which are all left curves, thus helping overall legibility. For "inflationism" and "inflationist" a non-dictionary right-curve would be more legible. Any contraction decided upon must not clash with "revaluation".
The pen should flow into the hook smoothly with no undue effort at making a sharp angle. On no account should the pen be lifted from the paper. A slight exaggeration of the size of the hook is unavoidable if the hook is to be seen at all, and giving the hook a very slight corner as it emerges from the stroke is helpful.
It is safe to elongate the Circle S, as it will not clash with Stee loop which never crosses a stroke. This allows you to see how the word breaks into its natural syllables, thus aiding legibility: pray par parry, play pal, average aver avarice display dispel, flew full, flower failure, finger vinegar ripper repair, ripple repeal, rebel rebel personal personnel, milliner millionaire "-ery" "-ary" As the vowels are distinct, stroke Ray is used, so that the outline can be fully vocalised: brave braver bravery, grain grainer granary, verse varies refine refiner refinery, wafer midwifery Sometimes the consonant and the following R or L belong to different words, or word and suffix, and so separate strokes are used to accurately reflect the separate syllables: thrum bathroom, masher mushroom, shrimp showroom enabling sibling, dandruff woodruff midriff, usher ashery ashore Strokes not taking R or L hook Way, Yay, Hay, Kwa, Gwa cannot take an initial R or L hook because because they already have an initial attachment, as well as being unpronounceable without a vowel between.
An R or L sound after them will use strokes. Ray, El, Ler. Their initially hooked forms are "borrowed" by F V Ith Thee as a reversed form, see explanation above. An R or L sound after them will use other strokes. The hook signifies either F or V and context is required to ascertain which one is meant. An Ell standing alone is always written upwards and therefore a hook at the base is Wel and at the top is L-N. Syllables generally have their own stroke, with abbreviating devices used for additional sounds within the syllable.
If both attachments are on the same side of a straight stroke and therefore written in the same direction, the outline would tend to curve and become illegible at speed. Note compound words: up-end up-ended print-out bran-tub Top of page Vocalisation The stroke is vocalised as normal, with a third place vowel being written outside the hook.
The stroke is read first, then the vowel, then the hook. A third-place light dot vowel would be appropriate, if vowel insertion was felt necessary. Top of page Halving and doubling The stroke is read first, then the hook, then the halving or doubling sound.
This goes against the rule for the order in which the elements are read — the rule is always observed within a word, and only occasionally broken for adding a word in a phrase. Derivatives Derivatives will not always retain the N hook of the primitive outline, they will vary according to the subsequent strokes, vowels, and attachments that are involved, in exactly the same way as spoken words change their syllable stress and their vowels.
This also applies to words that are not derivatives but share the same consonant structure. These need extra care to write clearly and it is helpful to exaggerate the length of the hook and the flattened circle see also explanation of R Hooks in middle of outline which have a similar formation : ransom kinsman lonesome winsome hansom but handsome derivative of "hand" Downward Ell is generally an upstroke, but an initial Ell is written downwards before horizontals Kay, Gay, En, Em, Ing to show that there is a vowel before the Ell, and then stroke En is used, because an N Hook would make the Ell look like Wel.
It is written approximately one third the length of the stroke the same size as the hooks in Kwa and Gwa. Balancing the outline takes precedence over rules b and c : a Balancing the outline The Shun Hook is written on the opposite side to an initial attachment circle, loop or hook , to help the outline remain straight when written at speed.
The hook is written on the opposite side of the preceding vowel. Its representation in phrases is however normal theory that you will find in instruction books although the Circle S in the phrases is representing the first S sound i. To "convert" them all would create clashes, unreliability and ultimately hesitation. The S sound seems to be preferred when there are two SH's in the word, which can be awkward to say clearly. The Circle S may end up slightly flattened into a small loop but should be kept small.
The Shun Hook to should not be allowed to sprawl, to avoid mistaking it for a full stroke. Imagine these pairs written less than neatly and without vowels: actions anxious, fashions fishes, editions dishes Words written in longhand with double SS are still just plain Shun, do not be tempted by the longhand spelling to insert an additional Circle S: passion compare position, impression compare imprecision Top of page In middle of outline Medial Shun Hooks generally join well, although in some joins the large hook needs to be opened out slightly.
This occurs naturally in English when there is no vowel between e. There are a great number of such short words in English and as these outlines contain minimal information when unvocalised, this rule provides a degree of differentiation.
It might be easier to remember thus: halve for two thins or two thicks. Top of page c Final hook If there is a final hook, halving can signify either T or D, for both thin and thick strokes.
This allows many past tenses to be formed without changing the form. Top of page Words of more than one syllable a General rule is that halving can represent either T or D, regardless of whether the halved stroke is thick or thin. You cannot just add stroke Dee to the end of the existing outline.
Retain the form in derivatives wherever possible: heat heating heated, hide hiding hidden, head heading headed hunt hunting hunted, hot hottest hatbox hat-trick hotbed hotness hateful When there are other strokes in the outline, up or downward Hay halved may be used for either T or D as convenient: behind behaved heterodox heterogeneous cowhide go-ahead Overall, on an unhooked upward Hay, it is safe to halve for T and use stroke Dee for D.
The two outlines "cowhide" and "go-ahead" seem to be the only examples of Hay being halved for D. As the examples above are different parts of speech, that helps greatly in reading back, but similar pairs that are the same parts of speech present the greatest danger of misreading.
If you write extremely small outlines, the distinctions will be more difficult to maintain. Ing plus T or D needs to have the full stroke added, as the halved form is unavailable, being allocated to N-D.
Note: ink inked wink winked show the K because it is part of the original outline. They can do this because phrasing is a matter of choice and you would only use it if you felt it was readable and convenient: at one time, considerable time, if it is possible, I am unable to b Either word of the compound ends in T or D The compound word as a whole is treated the same as a word of more than one syllable.
One of the words may end up halved, and so be written differently than when standing alone: copy right but copyright, up right but upright, right angle but right-angle brush wood but brushwood, go ahead but go-ahead, cow hide but cowhide Top of page Vowel placement Vowels are placed to the stroke as normal, and read before or after that stroke.
The three places of the vowels are closer together along the stroke, so that more care is needed when inserting them.
Each vowel sign must stay with its own stroke, and so the rule regarding putting a third-place vowel against the next stroke does not apply here: Pitman goodness goodwill biddable cottage potato First up or downstroke of outline is halved The first up or downstroke is the one that is placed in position to match the vowel, and it continues to do so even if halved.
Any downstrokes following it may end up going through the line, but that is irrelevant, only the first up or downstroke needs to be in position. Note that the hook is being used to indicate another complete word, not a sound within a word: part of, sort of, in spite of, instead of, state of Top of page When not to use a Final Vowel When a final vowel follows the T or D sound, a full stroke T or D is necessary in order to place the vowel sign, thus indicating the existence of a final vowel without actually writing it: pit pity bud buddy tat tatty dad daddy chat chatty Jude Judy kit kitty good goody fat fatty avid video meat meaty mid media knot knotty need needy lot Lottie late latte wit witty hat Hattie The presence of the full Tee or Dee stroke at the end of an outline does not always mean that a vowel follows, because the monosyllable rule above sometimes requires a full stroke for other reasons.
In such cases inserting the last vowel should be considered, and always inserted in names: pad Paddy bat batty Ted Teddy dot dotty jet jetty cad caddy get Getty fad faddy Fred Freddy shade shady lad laddie red ready wood woody head heady b Allowing full vocalisation Halving is not used where this would prevent the full vocalisation of the outline.
This generally occurs where a medial T or D sound is followed by a Circle S, which itself cannot be vocalised, thus requiring a stroke against which to write the vowel that comes after the T underlined : anticipate antiseptic reticent criticism absolutism conservatism egotism participle catastrophe Most outlines are constructed to enable full vocalisation, and abbreviation methods generally take a lower priority.
The lack of somewhere to put a vowel sign would imply that there is no vowel to place, thus reducing legibility. Exceptions are made on an individual basis to gain a more facile outline, so long as it remains readable unwritable vowels underlined : despotism protestation pragmatism patriotism favouritism scepticism rheumatism c Joining strokes of differing lengths Strokes of differing lengths must show a clear angle of join. Note that it is the last stroke that is halved. This also allows derivatives to match.
This improves legibility, although the outlines may be slightly slower to write. This is especially important as context cannot help. As its vowel is slurred, this is not a problem. Doubling is not used when the vowel is an accented one, full strokes are used, to enable the outline to be vocalised.
Doubled strokes are not quite so straightforward as normal length strokes to place in position: Downstrokes all go through the line, as their angle is steep and crossing the line cannot be avoided. It is possible to start first position outlines higher up, but this does not really make a lot of difference and should not be relied upon. Occasional extra vocalisation would be a wise precaution. Upstrokes are written at a shallower angle, taking up less vertical space, and they can therefore have the normal three positions.
This is easier to achieve because the lowest part of the stroke is at the beginning — there is slightly more control over the beginning part of any stroke or outline than at the end.
Horizontal strokes are positioned as normal, i. Where the doubled stroke is not the one that is being put in position i. Top of page Straight Strokes A doubled plain straight stroke looks identical to two of the same stroke in succession see below , and so doubling is only used when there are other attachments to help with the legibility of the outline.
Top of page rector director recruiter tractor stricter instructor propagator instigator allocator alligator electoral ejector projector objector banqueter nectar indicator protector protractor extractor adjudicator absconder speculator incinerator moderator twitter outwitter embroider illustrator bequeather persuader dissuader curator operator respirator macerator accelerator Top of page Curved Strokes Curved strokes are doubled for all the sounds.
Unlike straight strokes, no restriction is necessary because a double curved stroke does not resemble two of the same stroke in succession. As there is never a vowel after it, it never changes direction to indicate a following vowel, as the normal length Ell can sometimes do: penholder ventilator newsletter insulator insulter moneylender ringleader scolder helter-skelter, in this letter Note: alternative alteration alternator literal littoral lateral collateral poulterer Top of page Ing Doubling Ing adds -ker -ger The doubled stroke is exactly the same sound as the normal length hooked form, but is only used where the hooked form does not join easily or if it is the only stroke in the outline.
As the latter are less common, always vocalise them. As it is a short form, it is never vocalised, and it sits on the line. Top of page In Phrases Doubling can be used in phrases for "there their other dear". Generally all short forms consisting of a full stroke can be doubled to add these words. An R sound is always represented in Pitman's Shorthand, despite the fact that many variations of English do not pronounce it clearly or at all.
Dot Hay — a dot written next to the following vowel, used when the other methods are not convenient or possible. In compound words and derivatives, the form that joins best is generally used. Only used to represent the sound.
A silent longhand H is not represented in shorthand. As many examples as possible have been given, so that you can base new outlines on existing known ones. Take care that "hydraulic" and "hydro-electric" are not read for each other. Note that the downward Hay can only take a final Circle S when it is attached to another stroke, because only then is it obvious it is a Hay and not some other stroke. The first four are taking advantage of halving the Ray, and the last two are avoiding 3 straight strokes in succession which would be illegible: hortative heritage heritable horticulture heritor hierarchy Top of page Tick Hay Downward Hay is reduced to a tick i.
It therefore does not count as the first stroke when placing the outline in position and is not used if a vowel precedes it. The form offered here, using two of stroke Ray, accords with the accented vowels that follow them — take your choice. Top of page Tick versus full Downward Hay If the H sound has an initial vowel before, or triphone after, use the full stroke. This is the only time that the stroke Hay indicates the presence of a vowel or triphone. Vocalisation should be considered, as in a phrase it is identical to Tick The.
You cannot used both ticks together in a phrase: for whom, in her compare in the air Note the exact placement of first place vowels in regard to the tick — the vowel sign is placed at the extreme end of the stroke, necessary so that the vowel sign is not mistaken for a second place vowel.
This does not mean that the vowel is spoken before the H — if there were a vowel before the H, you would be using a full downward Hay stroke to place it against. Note also that the tick does not count as the first up or downstroke: ham haulm hem homestead hemstitch Top of page Dot Hay Use Dot Hay when the other forms cannot conveniently be written. It is only used if the resultant outline remains legible when unvocalised.
The sign for a vowel that is sounded immediately before the H sound also remains with its own stroke, whether first second or third place vowel, because it cannot "jump" over the H, e. If you omit the vowel sign, then also omit the Dot Hay. Dot Hay on its own is meaningless, but a vowel sign on its own is preferable, when hard-pressed, if you feel the outline needs it for clarity.
The Dot Hay is the outer one of the two. The two dots are not side by side in relation to the stroke. Immediately before and beside a dash vowel, which will vary according to the direction of the stroke. To the left side of a diphthong. Blackheath loophole pinhole manorhouse This can look similar to two vowel signs written together e. This hook is only used for inh- instr- inskr- The hook does not need vocalising, as the vowel is included in the meaning of the hook.
The use of such an abrupt change of direction is always kept to an absolute minimum in the rules of Pitman's Shorthand. Whichever method is used to write the Hay, the final shape is always the same, i.
In the first two, the letter R is not sounded at all, the vowel is the same as that in "wool". Not used if the word begins with a vowel.
Never omitted unless it is replaced by the medial semicircle in a compound word or phrase. A vowel on that side counts as coming after the Ar: wear era arrow Final "-ward" "-wort" "-wart" are often represented by halved Way in compound words.
It represents the W sound plus the following vowel sound, and replaces that vowel sign — it is written in the same place against the stroke as the vowel sign would occupy. Never used initially or finally in an outline. May be omitted in fast writing in the same way as vowel signs are, as long as the outline remains readable and not ambiguous.
If in doubt, it is safer to write it in. This is the same direction as the short forms "with" "when" which are both dot vowels. This is the same direction as the short forms "what" "would" which are both dash vowels.
Mnemonic: you begin writing this one in the same direction as you write a horizontal dash vowel i. The medial semicircle is occasionally called the "W diphthong" in some older books, reflecting the fact that it is made up of only vowels, even though sometimes it does the job of a consonant when it begins a syllable.
As it requires some thought to decide when it is safe to use the medial semicircle instead of stroke Way, it is best to practice as many examples as possible, so that no hesitation occurs during dictation, hence the lengthy but not exhaustive list below. The resultant outline must be unambiguous even when the semicircle is not written in.
For the compound words, I have given the root word in the "compare" line. This allows the outline to reflect the words that the compound word is made from, making the outline more legible: memoir homework i. Shorthand instruction books describe the strokes Hway and Hwel as representing "WH" and "WHL" which is referring to longhand and not to the sounds. It is better to associate the strokes with the sounds they represent, and treat the longhand spelling as a separate matter entirely. Even though many people do not pronounce the H, you should still learn the different forms because of their usefulness in providing distinguishing outlines and because the longhand still needs to be spelled correctly regardless of popular pronunciation.
Outlines should be consistent and not change to reflect people's differing pronunciation. This is not an additional hook to give an additional sound. It is therefore best to learn the stroke as a whole without mentally taking it apart into its constituent sounds. These two strokes are therefore not compound consonants. Never written downwards. These two hooks add their sound to the Ell in the same way that Circle S adds its consonant before a stroke i.
The aim is to keep related words looking similar, and have distinctive outlines for words that may have the same consonant structure but a different spread of vowels or different derivation. Top of page Phrases and compound words Whichever form of W is used in the basic outline, this may change to one of the other methods when the word becomes part of a phrase or compound word.
The main consideration is the ease of the join, producing a speedy and reliable outline, but the resultant outline must be easy to read back, even when vowels and unattached signs are omitted. It is seldom necessary to insert any of the unattached semicircles when writing phrases, but they are shown in some of the examples, so that you know where the signs belong.
Stroke Way replaced by medial semicircle. They also need to have a semicircle at all times, whether attached or unattached, because in phrases or compound words they could be read as "man" "men". The phrase "men and women" is common enough to remain unvocalised, but in other phrases vowels may be necessary to show whether these words are singular or plural.
The verb "will" in phrases is represented by a plain upward Ell and the semicircle is not necessary — it is always very clear what is meant and to insert it would defeat the purpose of the phrase, which is to gain speed.
When "will" is used as a noun, it can take the semicircle, if felt necessary: will, I will, he will, that you will be, if he will have but goodwill freewill "Were" in phrases takes whatever form is easiest to write.
Again, the meaning is always clear because the word groupings involved are so common, and medial semicircle or vowel signs need not be written: were, you were, they were "Well" in phrases does take a medial semicircle, but is easily omitted without losing clarity: well, very well, so well Rather than hesitate over semicircles during a dictation, you should use full strokes or write the two halves of the outline separately and then find out the correct outline later.
Even in longhand there is often a question over whether to write something as two words, a hyphenated word or one word. Writing a longer outline or two outlines is far preferable to hesitating and losing the next few words. Making an awkward join, when separate outlines would be more readable and reliable, is also a hindrance.
However, joining or not joining can indicate different uses of the same two words, shown up by where the emphasis falls in the sentence underlined. In the second of each of the sentences below, joining the outlines would be inappropriate and make the shorthand awkward to read back: I saw the cat-walk. I saw the cat walk. This person is trustworthy. We can trust Worthy to do the job. We arrived last week. His last weak excuse was not accepted. Thank you. Dhingra Economic Survey of India by Govt.
Sir kya mujhe balyan sir k Hindi me notes mil skate h ancient modern medeival or world ke or ba ma k history k selective notes.. Sir if you can share English Literature notes of English Optional, it would be very helpful.
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